MOSQUITO NET by Cyril Fox MD

MOSQUITO NET by Cyril Fox MD

A Story of the Pioneers of Tropical Medicine

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Published November 2008
Second Edition December 2009

Mosquito Net

This is the story of four pioneers of Tropical Medicine whose researches were linked by one common factor – the mosquito.

By their efforts the tropics were made safer, the quality of life was improved and untold lives were saved.

They did it with primitive tools by our standards. They worked in hostile surroundings, risking their own health from the mosquito and at times man. They brought relief to indigenous populations, travellers, settlers, empire builders and canal constructors.

Of the quartet, Manson and Ross were British (Scots) and Reed and Gorgas were American. Three of the four were army medical officers. Each was a pioneer, the work of one inspiring and opening the way for the next.The story ranges from Formosa and Amoy in the Far East in 1875, to nearby Hong Kong and back to London. It passes to imperial India, and thence to Cuba and finally ends in the tragi-comic opera of the building of the Panama Canal, which opened in 1914, just as the lights of Europe were going out.

MOSQUITO NET by Cyril Fox MD
ISBN: 978-0-9560369-0-2

The World Medical Press Acclaims MOSQUITO NET....

“Cyril Fox has done us a favour by writing this gem of a book……. Dr Fox introduces the great names in tropical medicine who made major discoveries that would benefit mankind enormously….. a good read and a useful reference for the people and events involved in these discoveries.”
Prof J P van Niekerk    South African Medical Journal

Historical epic meets scientific biography in this account of the struggle to find cures for the diseases spread by mosquitoes……I really enjoyed this book. If you like either A J Cronin The Citadel or historical books about Victorian scientists, then this is for you…For those interested in the history of medicine, scientific biography or just an interesting read I would recommend Mosquito Net.
Dr Clare Etherington   Pulse Doctors' Newspaper.

"This book provides an intriguing account of the lives and discoveries of four pioneers in the field of tropical medicine. A fascinating story for the novice and expert alike... gripping ... a story of hardship, perseverence, eureka moments, fame, bitterness, and rivalry ... a very worthy and stimulating read"
Prof B. Knols   Parasites and Vectors

Dr Cyril Fox has written this book in a fantastic lucid style. The joy, suspicion, struggle, agony, frustration...pettiness.. and personality of great contemporary scientists who were dazzling about 100 years ago are described graphically yet vividly. The book would be liked by all sections of people.
Dr Hiranmoy Mukherjee   Journal of the Indian Medical Association

The Ross-Manson-Grassi section on the discovery of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria parasites is a comprehensive reconstruction of the events at that time and presents a fascinating insight into the relationships between these complex personalities. Fox writes very well and gives us a feeling for the underlying tensions and insecurities that come through in the available historical letters exchanged between them. I also found the section on yellow fever virus control in central America fascinating.I would recommend it to anyone who is interested in the history of tropical diseases, not only specialists in this field
Prof Maureen Coetzee   Adler Museum Bulletin Adler Museum of Medicine University of Witwatersrand SA

Synopsis
Few people would consider the story of four amazing scientists and an insect, to be a romantic history. That, however, is exactly what Dr Cyril Fox has achieved. Make no mistake; this is a serious and incredibly well-researched account of the dedication that helped to substantially reduce the death and misery to humankind represented by the twin scourges of malaria and yellow fever. We may think of research scientists spending their lives in clinical laboratories but here we have men frequently putting their own lives in danger in pursuit of the villain of the piece, the tiny but far from inconsequential mosquito.

MOSQUITO NET is not only essential reading for medical and scientific practitioners. It is also a fascinating tale and told in a manner that renders it to be eminently readable for professional and lay readers alike

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

PART ONE MANSON & ROSS

CHAPTER 1 MANSON IN CHINA

CHAPTER 2 RETURN TO LONDON

CHAPTER 3 ROSS ARRIVES

CHAPTER 4 ROSS IN LONDON

CHAPTER 5 FOLLOW THE FLAGELLUM

CHAPTER 6 FIRST INTERRUPTION

CHAPTER 7 MOSQUITO DAY

CHAPTER 8 THE SOLUTION

CHAPTER 9 ROSS V GRASSI

CHAPTER 10 LIVERPOOL AND GLORY

CHAPTER 11 PERSONALITY

CHAPTER 12 LATER WORK

PART TWO REED & GORGAS

CHAPTER 13 REED APPEARS

CHAPTER 14 THE REED COMMISSION

CHAPTER 15 DEFINITIVE EXPERIMENTS

CHAPTER 16 GORGAS APPEARS

CHAPTER 17 HAVANA CLEARANCE

CHAPTER 18 PANAMA CANAL

CHAPTER 19 GORGAS'S GLORY

EPILOGUE

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF REFERENCES

GLOSSARY

APPENDIX THE MALARIA CYCLE

INDEX

MOSQUITO NET is published by:

CYRIL FOX was born in London in 1930. He studied Medicine at the University of Cambridge (Trinity Hall) and Guy’s Hospital Medical School, London. He graduated MB., B.Chir (Cantab) 1956 and MD (Cantab) by dissertation in 1970.

He worked throughout his medical career as a full-time General Practitioner and part-time researcher.

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Sample pages from comprehensive list of REFERENCES:

Agramonte, A. The inside story of a great medical discovery.

In: Great Adventures in Medicine. Ed: Rapport, S & Wright, H.

New York: Dial Press 1952.

Anguizola, G. Phillipe Bunau-Varilla: The Man behind the Panama Canal.

Chicago: Nelson-Hall 1980

Anonymous. The Veterinarian 1883; 56:176-179. Review

Arnold, D.(Ed) Imperial Medicine & Indigenous Societies.

Manchester: Manchester University Press 1988.

Baker, J. J Med Assoc State of Alabama 1936; 6:192-7. Gorgas

Bean, W. Arch Int Med 1952; 89:171-187. Walter Reed

Bean, W. Walter Reed: A biography.

Charlottesville: Univ Press of Virginia 1982.

Bignami, A & Bastianelli, G.

Lancet i 1900; 79. Malaria & Mosquitoes

Bishop, J. Goethals: Genius of the Panama Canal. N York: Harper 1930.

Brown, A. J Med Ent. 1976 13:1-25. Global malaria eradication

Bruce-Chwatt, L.

Br J Hosp Med 1974; 7:381. Twenty years of malaria eradication

Bruce-Chwatt, L.

J Trop Med Hyg 1976;79:168-178. Ague as malaria

Bruce-Chwatt, L.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979; 73:605-617 Man against malaria:

conquest or defeat. (Manson Oration)

Bruce-Chwatt, L.

BMJ Year 1988; 296:1486-7 Three hundred and fifty years of the Peruvian fever tree bark

Bruce-Chwatt, L & de Zalueta, J.

The rise and fall of malaria in Europe: a historico-epidemiological

study. OUP 1980

Bynum,W.F.& Overy,C.

The beast in the mosquito: the correspondence of Ronald Ross & Patrick Manson: Amsterdam Clio Medica 51 1998

Cantlie, J (Ed.).

J Trop Med & Hyg 1922 154-208 In commemoration of the Life & Work of the late Sir Patrick Manson.

Cantlie,N & Seaver,G.

Sir James Cantlie: A romance in medicine. London: John Murray 1939

Carroll, J. JAMA 1903 40 1429-33 The transmission of yellow fever

Carter, H. Yellow Fever: An epidemiological & historical study of its place of origin Baltimore:The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1931

Cartwright, F. Disease and History London:Hart Davis 1972

Castellani, A. Microbes Men & Monarchs London:Gollancz 1960

Castellani, A.

Lancet 1926 ii 729 Microbe hunters. A public denial

Celli, A. Malaria according to the new researches. London:Longmans Green 1901

Sample pages from the INDEX

Agramonte, Aristides, 151, 154-6, 159-61, 163-4, 172-4, 181, 182-4, 215, 227

Ancon Hospital, 206, 210-11, 214, 217

Albert Dock Hospital, 35, 36, 38

Amoy, 13, 15-17, 21-2, 34, 119, 178

bacillus icteroides, 155

Balboa, 196

Bangalore, 46, 67, 138

Bastianelli, Giuseppe, 92, 94, 97-100, 111, 227, 230

Bignami, Amigo, 92, 94, 97-100, 103, 104, 106, 110, 227, 230

Bland-Sutton, Sir John, 72-3

BMJ, 54, 60, 72, 78, 97, 111-15, 119, 129, 155, 166-7, 225, 228, 230-34, 236

Bombay, 46, 73-4, 85, 129, 138

Boyce, Rubert, 90, 113, 131, 134, 136

British Medical Association, 60, 62, 64, 83, 124

British Museum Reading Room, 15

Bunau-Varilla, Phillipe, 200-3, 216, 227

Bux, Mohamed, 77

Calcutta, 46, 76, 78, 88, 91, 132, 140

Camp Columbia, 154, 157, 159, 163, 182

Cantlie, Sir James, 24, 25, 30-3, 37, 83, 228

Cape Horn, 198-9, 217

Carroll, Major James, 151, 153-4, 159, 160-5, 180-4, 215, 228

Carter, Henry, 157, 163, 165-6, 177, 205, 228

Castellani, Aldo, 38-9, 127-8, 228

Celli, Angelo, 50, 107-8, 228

Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 26

Chamberlain, Sir Joseph, 35-6, 112-3

Charles, T. Edmonston, 92, 98, 100, 127, 231

Chernin, Eli, 119, 124, 127, 229

cholera, 11, 13, 30, 67-9, 128, 138, 155

Cleghorn, Surgeon-General James, 74, 138-9, 140

Coats, James, 132

Cobbold, Thomas, 17, 19-21, 24, 177, 229

Colon, 201-6

Colonial Office, 35-6, 74, 87, 112-4, 132, 134-6

Cook, Gordon, 30

Cooke, Robert, 156, 170-2

Cuba, 149-50, 155, 157-8, 168, 173, 176, 182, 191, 194, 198, 215

Daniels, Charles, 87-9, 113, 124

d’Arenberg, Prince, 133-4

Darien, 196-7

Darwin. Charles, 11, 48, 97, 229

Davy, Sir Humphrey, 101

Dean, William, 160, 162, 165

De Kruif, Paul, 126-8, 229

Delaporte, Francois,166, 177-8, 229

de Lesseps, Ferdinand, 199, 203

Domagk, Gerhard, 50

Dreadnought Seamen’s Hospital, 30, 35-7, 43

Durham, Herbert, 165-7, 229

Dutton, John, 113

East India Company, 45, 197

elephantiasis, 16, 19, 24

Faraday, Michael, 101

filaria, 16-20, 35, 37-8, 53-4, 176-8, 238

filariasis, 16, 18, 21, 23, 57, 119, 121, 171, 229

Finlay, Carlos, 157, 159, 166, 175-8, 180, 191, 215, 230

Flexner, Simon, 153, 179

CONTENTS